Effectiveness of Self-directed Virtual Learning on Retention of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Knowledge and Skills among Hospital Nurses in North-western Nigeria: Protocol Paper

@#Introduction: The instructor-led CPR training method has been used for over 4 decades. However, nurses’ knowledge and skills are still low. Instructor-led CPR training is an extremely capital-intensive programme that requires more time, workforce, and space, thus serving as an impediment to effective learning among the prospective nurses’ trainees. Self-directed training method is suggested to improve the knowledge and skills of CPR among healthcare practitioners due to the low cost and flexibility. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of self-directed method in improving nurses’ knowledge and skill retention from baseline to post-test, one, three-, and six months. Method: A two-arm double-blinded randomised controlled trial will be conducted in two referral hospitals. The control group training consists of a one-day session taught by AHA-certified instructors, whereas the intervention group training entails participants learning on computers in a simulation lab for seven days. A generalised estimated equation model will be used for statistical analysis. Discussion: Through the self-directed training method, participants will have significantly better knowledge and skills of CPR compared to the conversational training method across the time points. Self-directed training method is a simple, cost-effective and flexible method, which can facilitate the training of more nurses in the acquisition and retention of knowledge and skills, especially for those who prefer to learn at their own pace. Trial Registration: Registration Code: UDUTH/NHREC/30/012/2019 and NHREC/28/01/2020/AKTH/EC/2934

Pautas para la delimitación y empleo de los resultados científicos en la investigación educativa / Guidelines for the delimitation and use of scientific results in educational research

RESUMEN Las investigaciones educativas ofrecen diversos productos de valor para la ciencia, que incluyen contribuciones de carácter teórico y práctico. A menudo resulta difícil para los investigadores rotular los aportes, diferenciarlos y establecer su tipicidad. Tales resultados involucran modelos, concepciones, sistemas, estrategias, metodologías y programas de intervención, entre los más comunes. Dada la importancia que ello reviste para maestrandos y doctorandos a la luz de las tesis que elaboran y por las exigencias que deben cumplir los investigadores y coordinadores de proyectos al redactar sus informes de investigación; el presente trabajo se propone caracterizar las principales contribuciones científicas derivadas de la investigación educativa, en función de la determinación de la naturaleza que identifica cada resultado y el establecimiento de sus particularidades. Se efectuó un muestreo de tesis doctorales en Ciencias Pedagógicas y Ciencias de la Educación predefendidas y defendidas en la provincia de Camagüey entre 2016 y 2021.

ABSTRACT Educational research offers various products of value for science, including contributions of a theoretical and practical nature. It is often difficult for researchers to label such contributions, differentiate them and establish their typicity. Such results involve models, conceptions, systems, strategies, methodologies and intervention programs, among the most common. Due to the importance that this has for master's and doctoral students in light of the theses they prepare and because of the requirements that researchers and project coordinators must meet when writing their research reports; The present work intends to characterize the main scientific contributions derived from educational research, based on the determination of the nature that identifies each result and the establishment of its particularities. A sampling of doctoral theses in Pedagogical Sciences and Educational Sciences pre-defended and defended in the province of Camagüey between 2016 and 2021 was carried out.

Aplicación y efectividad de un modelo educativo en hábitos saludables con entrega de fruta y programa de actividad física en escolares

RESUMEN El objetivo fue evaluar una intervención educativa en hábitos de alimentación saludable basada en el programa Colación BKN en pre-escolares y escolares entre los años 2013-2018. Diseño longitudinal con comparación de cortes trasversales en escolares de prekínder a cuarto año básico durante 4 años en 14 escuelas de la Región Metropolitana de Chile. El programa consistió en entrega de fruta como colación, educación alimentaria, mejora de la actividad física y kioscos escolares, con participación de profesores y familias. Como resultado se observó una mejoría de los conocimientos en alimentación saludable de los niños, con una excelente satisfacción de usuarios. Sobrepeso y obesidad se mantuvieron el 2016 y 2018, pero aumentaron el 2015 y 2017. En escuelas similares no intervenidas el exceso de peso fue mayor con respecto a las del programa. Hubo una tendencia a disminuir el consumo de dulces y bebidas azucaradas en prekínder y kínder entre 2014 y 2017 y el consumo de 3 porciones al día de frutas y verduras en niños intervenidos fue superior al promedio nacional de 2 porciones al día.Conclusiones: Hubo un aumento exitoso en el consumo de frutas y verduras, educación alimentaria y actividad física para el cambio hacia hábitos más saludables.

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate an educational intervention for healthy eating habits based on the Colación BKN program, among preschool and schoolchildren, carried out in 2013-2018. We conducted a longitudinal study with cross-sectional data among preschool and school-age children (up to the fourth grade) over four years in 14 schools in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. The intervention program consisted of fruit delivery, nutrition education and improvements in physical activity and school food kiosks, with active participation of teachers and parents. There was an improvement in knowledge of healthy foods in children and excellent user satisfaction. Overweight and obesity did not increase during 2016 and 2018, but increased in 2015 and 2017. In similar not-intervened schools there was an increase of overweight and obesity compared with Colación BKN schools. For food consumption, there was a decrease in consumption of candy and soft drinks in preschool students and all children consumed more than three portions of fruits and vegetables per day, which is greater than the national average of two portions per day in the general population. Conclusions: There was a successful increase in fruit and vegetable consumption with nutrition education and promotion of healthy habits, such as physical activity and healthy food consumption.

Efecto de un programa de práctica imaginada sobre la autoconfianza de futbolistas / The Effect of an Imagery Training Intervention on Self-confidence in Football Players / Efeito de um programa de prática imaginada sobre a autoconfiança de futebolistas

Resumen Objetivo. Establecer el efecto de un programa de intervención en práctica imaginada, entendida como el uso de los sentidos para la creación o recreación de imágenes o experiencias y atribuirles significado, sobre la autoconfianza de los futbolistas. Método. Participaron 17 futbolistas hombres, 9 en el grupo intervención y 8 en el grupo control, entre los 18 y los 25 años (M = 21, DE = 2.2). La intervención se desarrolló durante 8 sesiones y se basó en el modelo PETTLEP. Se midió la habilidad de imaginería a través del SIAQ y la autoconfianza con la prueba TSCI. Resultados. Los participantes mostraron un efecto de interacción en la habilidad de imaginería (F (1, 15) = 4.57, p< 0.05, ηp2 = 0.23), mientras que para la autoconfianza solo se estableció un efecto principal en los grupos intervención y control (F (1, 15) = 6.13, p < 0.05, ηp2 =.29). Adicionalmente, se observó una correlación positiva alta entre imaginería y autoconfianza (r(8) = 0.79, p < 0.05). Conclusión. Se obtuvo un efecto positivo tras la intervención en práctica imaginada en la habilidad de imaginería, lo cual es un avance significativo para la aplicación de la práctica imaginada en deportes de conjunto, como el fútbol.

Abstract Objective. To examine the effect of imagery intervention on the self-confidence of university football players after participating in an 8-session imagery intervention. Method. 17 male football players between 18 and 25 years old (M = 21, SD = 2.2) participated, 9 in the intervention group and 8 in the control group. The intervention lasted 8 sessions and was based on the PETTLEP model. The imagery was measured through the SIAQ and self-confidence with TSCI. Results. The results showed an interaction effect on imagery (F (1, 15) = 4.57, p < 0.05, ηp2 = 0.23), while the main effect on self-confidence was established in the intervention and control groups (F (1, 15) = 6.13, p < 0.05, ηp2 = 0.29). Additionally, a high positive correlation was found between imagery and self-confidence (r (8) = 0.79, p < 0.05). Conclusion. A positive effect was obtained after an imagery intervention on the imagery ability, which is a significant advance for the application of imagery practice in team sports, such as football.

Resumo Escopo. Estabelecer o efeito de um programa de intervenção em prática imaginada, entendida como o uso dos sentidos para a criação ou recreação de imagens ou experiencias e lhes atribuir significado, sobre a autoconfiança dos futebolistas. Metodologia. Participaram 17 futebolistas homens, 9 no grupo de intervenção e 8 no grupo de controle, entre os 18 e os 25 anos (M = 21, DE = 2.2). A intervenção foi desenvolvida durante 8 sessões e foi baseada no modelo PETTLEP. Foi medida a habilidade de criar imaginários através do SIAQ e a autoconfiança com a prova TSCI. Resultados. Os participantes mostraram um efeito de interação na habilidade de criar imaginários (F (1, 15) = 4.57, p < 0.05, ηp2 = 0.23), enquanto que para a autoconfiança só foi estabelecido um efeito principal nos grupos de intervenção e controle (F (1, 15) = 6.13, p < 0.05, ηp2 =.29). Além do mais, foi observada uma correlação positiva alta entre imaginário e autoconfiança (r(8) = 0.79, p < 0.05). Conclusão. Foi obtido um efeito positivo depois da intervenção em prática imaginada na habilidade de criar imaginários, o que é um avanço significativo para aplicação da prática imaginada em esportes como o futebol.

Formación de la competencia orientación psicoeducativa en estudiantes de Estomatología / The formation of psicoeducative orientation competence in dentistry students

RESUMEN Se realizó una investigación de desarrollo con enfoque cualitativo en la facultad de Estomatología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey, durante el período de septiembre 2016 a julio 2018. Se seleccionó como población a los 145 estudiantes de cuarto año de la carrera, tomándose una muestra de 70 alumnos (grupo A), los que representan el 48.27 % del total. A partir del estudio realizado, se pudo constatar el insuficiente tratamiento a las afectaciones emocionales provocadas por las anomalías dentomaxilofaciales en niños y adolescentes, que limita la atención estomatológica integral, como expresión del desempeño profesional del estudiante de Estomatología. Por lo que se valoró la efectividad de un programa de intervención pedagógica para la formación de la competencia orientación psicoeducativa a niños y adolescentes con estas anomalías en estudiantes de Estomatología. El programa propuesto está estructurado en tres fases dedicadas al diagnóstico-motivación, la planificación-acción y a la evaluación. Se corroboró la pertinencia del programa de intervención a través de los talleres de opinión crítica y construcción colectiva; a los fines de favorecer la orientación psicoeducativa en estos grupos etáreos.

ABSTRACT A developed research with qualitive approach was carried out in Dentistry faculty in the Medical College during the period of September 2016 to July 2018. A universe of 145, 4th- course Dentistry students and a sample of 70 students (class A) who reported 48.27 % were selected. From this study on, an insufficient treatment to emotional affections in children and teenagers with dentomaxillofacial anomalies was proved to limit the professional performance in dentistry students. So, the effectiveness of a pedagogical intervention program to educate the psicoeducative orientation competence to children and teenagers was assessed. The proposal is structured in three phases devoted to diagnosis-motivation, planification-action and evaluation. It was corroborated the effectiveness of the intervention program through critical opinion and collective construction workshop in order to favorite psicoeducative orientation in these age groups.

The construction of coronary heart disease intervention scheme based on Omaha system theory / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To construct a nursing intervention program for patients with coronary heart disease based on the theory of Omaha intervention system, and to provide evidence for the specialist nursing of patients with coronary heart disease.@*Methods@#Based on the Omaha intervention system, the specialist nursing intervention plan for patients with coronary heart disease was preliminarily established on the basis of reviewing the medical records, and was modified by the Delphi method.@*Results@#Reviewing the medical records combined with the Omaha intervention system, preliminary development of nursing intervention programs for patients with coronary heart disease. The expert inquiry letter of the intervention program was 2 rounds, and the expert positive coefficients of the 2 rounds of inquiry letters were 91.67% and 93.94%, the authoritative coefficient was 0.92, and the Kendall Harmony Coefficient was 0.34 and 0.47 respectively. The specialist nursing intervention for patients with coronary heart disease was finally determined.@*Conclusion@#The nursing intervention plan for patients with coronary heart disease based on Omaha theory has a good theoretical basis and has been unanimously recognized by experts.

Study on the clinical application of the intervention program of bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective • To verify the effectiveness of the intervention program of bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods • Eighty bowel dysfunction patients with SCI in a rehabilitation hospital in Shanghai from Jan. to Dec. 2018 were included. According to the time of admission, the patients were divided into intervention group and control group, with 40 cases in each group. The patients in the control group received the routine nursing, and the patients in the intervention group were provided with the intervention program constructed by this study. The bowel function indexes of the two groups were compared at the time of admission, 4 weeks after intervention and 1 month after discharge. The quality of life in the two groups was compared at the time of admission and 1 day before discharge. Results • After intervention, the defecation frequency, fecal character score, defecation time, abdominal distention, constipation rate and drug dependence rate of the intervention group were lower than those of the control group (all P<0.05), and their total scores of quality of life and the scores in various fields were higher than those of the control group (all P<0.05). The differences in the quality of life between the two groups of patients after intervention and at the time of admission were statistically significant except for the social field (all P<0.05). Conclusion • The intervention program for bowel dysfunction patients with SCI can effectively lead to the recovery of the bowel function, reduce the incidence of bowel complications, and improve the quality of their life.

Juegos cooperativos y razonamiento prosocial en niños: efectos de un programa de intervención / Cooperative games and prosocial reasoning in children: effects of an intervention program

Este artículo presentalos resultados de un estudio realizado en una escuela pública con niños entre siete y ochoaños de edad, con el fin de determinar la influencia de los juegos cooperativos en su razonamiento prosocial. Se utilizóun diseño cuasiexperimental con grupos control y experimental, con mediciones pretest y postest a través de una escala pictórica para evaluar razonamiento prosocial en los niños participantes,antes y después de la implementación de un programa psicoeducativo basado en juegos cooperativos. Con la aplicación del programa se registra un cambio significativo en el razonamiento prosocial de los niños, manifestado enun aumentoen los juicios orientado a lasnecesidades y estereotipado, acompañado de una disminución en el razonamiento hedonista.Los resultados muestran un avance en el desarrollo prosocial de los niñosparticipantes en el grupo experimental, quienes alcanzan niveles de razonamiento prosocial de una mayor complejidad. De esta manera se pone a prueba el potencial de los juegos cooperativos para promover el razonamiento y la conducta prosocial de niños en contextos escolares.

This article presents the results of a study made with children between seven and eightyears of age, with the purpose of determining the influence of cooperative games on their prosocial judgement. It has a quasi-experimental design with control and experimental groups, with pre-test and post-test measurements through a pictorical scale to evaluate prosocial reasoning in the participating children,before and after the implementation of an intervention program based on cooperative games. The program had a significant impact on children's prosocial judgement, there was an increase in the frequency of children with needs-oriented and stereotyped reasoning, and a decrease in hedonistic judgement. Psychoeducational programs of this type could be used to positively influence the reasoning and prosocial behavior of children at these ages.

The Effectiveness of Educational Intervention Program on Knowledge of BSE among Secondary School Girls in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#Breast Self-Examination (BSE) is important to be introduced to secondary school girls in order to develop a positive health behavior. Limited attention has been given on knowledge among school girls. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of educational intervention program on knowledge of BSE among secondary school girls in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 502 volunteered secondary school girls using pre and post self-administered validated questionnaire. The mean (SD) age of the participants was 14.9 (± 0.1) years. Majority of the participants were Malays (87.1%). Pre-intervention educational program revealed that 91% of the participants had poor knowledge whereas 9% had good knowledge on BSE. Post-educational intervention program showed that knowledge has increased by 33.4% and percentage for ‘poor’ knowledge reduced by 33.4% from pre-intervention scored (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference on knowledge of BSE among participants with and without family history of breast cancer (p = 0.204). Health campaign was the top source of information to gain knowledge related to BSE prior (56.6%) and after (90.2%) the intervention program (p<0.001). Thus, the educational intervention program was found to be effective method to improve the knowledge on BSE among secondary school girls.

Efficacy of Cognitive Intervention Program for Persons with Mild Cognitive Impairment according to Cognitive Trainers

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of cognitive training and cognitive trainer on cognitive function in persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS: A randomized controlled single blind trial with 2 treatment groups was designed and 40 participants were included in this study. They received cognitive training intervention by cognitive professional and non-professional. The cognitive training focused on memory strategies. This cognitive intervention consisted of 8 sessions training and once a week. The effect of program was examined in performance-based measures of cognitive abilities; memory, language, constructional praxis, attention, and working memory. The comparison of effect of trainer was examined by repeated measure analysis of variance. RESULTS: Thirty-six MCI completed the cognitive intervention and was assessed neurocognitive test on pre- and post-intervention. Attention, language inhibition and semantic language were significantly improved compared with baseline in total group. The memory (p=0.003) was significantly improved in Professional Program Group and attention (p=0.007) was significantly improved in Non-Professional Program Group (NPG). Distinctively, Korean version of Short form of Geriatric Depression Scale mean score in NPG was statistically improved from 4.24 to 3.29 (p=0.018) after intervention, but the comparison between groups was not significant. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the cognitive intervention program may improve on memory, attention and language in cognitive functions of MCI. But there is difference in improvement of the domains of cognitive abilities depending on the trainer.

Analysis of Obesity Intervention Programs in Adolescents: Focused on Endothelium Functions

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the current status of obesity intervention programs, and its effects on endothelium function in adolescents. METHOD: This was a descriptive research study, that investigated domestic and international literature 2009–2018. Using databases inside and outside of Korea to search for ‘adolescent’, ‘obese adolescent’, ‘exercise’, ‘program’, or ‘intervention’, and ‘endothelium function’, a total of 14 literature have been selected for 6 domestic research and 8 international research, excluding overlapping, case studies, literature reviews, and unrelated studies. RESULTS: Interventions for enhancing endothelium function were exercise program, diet, vitamin D3 treatment, and Orlistat intake relative to international research, and combined exercise and purple sweet potato intake, in most domestic research. Dependent variables included FMD, RHI, NMD, EPCs, and EMPs, for measuring endothelium function in international research, and PWV, FMD and RHI, in domestic research. CONCLUSION: Results of this study confirmed that application of obese intervention programs, may improve endothelium function in adolescents. Further studies are required, to develop nursing intervention, that would enhance endothelium function in adolescents.

Intervención educativa para el manejo del dolor en personal de enfermería / Educational intervention study in the management of pain in nursing staff

Resumen En la actualidad, el dolor es considerado co-то el quinto signo vital. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la efectividad de un programa educativo para el personal de enfermería sobre manejo de dolor en pacientes con problemas crónicos degenerativos y quirúrgicos. El método usado fue el diseño pre-experimental con pretest-postest. La población de estudio estuvo integrada por personal de enfermería (42) de dos instituciones de salud de segundo nivel de atención, del sector público. Se utilizó el cuestionario Conocimiento y Actitudes Respecto al Dolor. La media de respuestas correctas del conocimiento pretest fue de 50.9 (DE = 9.65), valor mínimo de 28.1 y máximo 78.1; y en el postest la media fue de 70.4 (DE = 10.9) valor mínimo de 40.6 y máximo 90.6. Posterior a la intervención educativa, se encontró mayor conocimiento en el personal de enfermeria (t (41)= - 12.98; p < 0.001). El estudio de intervención educativa del personal de enfermería fue efectivo para mejorar el conocimiento sobre el manejo del dolor en los pacientes, ya que los primeros brindaron una mejor atención y cuidados, posteriores a la intervención educativa, no obstante, este fue insuficiente para la mayoría del personal participante.

Abstract Pain is currently considered as the fifth vital sign. The objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of an educational program for nurses on pain management for patients with chronic degenerative and surgical problems. The employed method was a pre-experimental design with a pre-test and a posttest. The research population was made up of 42 nurses from two secondary health care institutions in the public sector. The Nurse's Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain was used. Results showed that the pre-test mean knowledge of correct answers was 50.9 (SD = 9.65), with a minimum value of 28.1 and a maximum value of 78.1. The post-test mean was 70.4 (SD = 10.9) with a minimum value of 40.6 and a maximum value of 90.6. After the educational intervention, nurses demonstrated an increased level of knowledge regarding pain management (t (41) = -12.98; p < 0.001). The educational intervention study for nurses was effective in improving their knowledge regarding pain management in patients, since the participating nurses provided better attention and care after the educational intervention. This, however, was insufficient for most of the participating personnel.

Effects Of The Mind-Body Intervention Program in Alleviating Post-Partum Depression Syndrome

Objectives@#In an attempt to offer further insights in the development of counselling skills to population at risk, this counselling program was tested among mothers with postpartum depression (PPD) to determine the effects of Mind-Body Intervention Program (MBIP).@*Methodology@#Utilizing an Embedded Design: Embedded Experimental Model (1), it included 385 postpartum mothers from the Out-Patient Department of De La Salle University Medical Center, City of Dasmarinas, Cavite. These mothers were screened for PPD symptoms through Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and underwent psychiatric assessment, utilizing Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D) to clinically diagnose PPD.@*Results@#Out of 385 participants, 42 qualified and underwent permuted block randomization. After the individualized, eight sessions of MBIP, the following were revealed: In the experimental group, the 17 mothers with depression in the pre-test decreased to 2 (11.8%) in the post-test and 1 (5.9%) in the delayed post-test. As to the control group, the 19 mothers with depression in the pre-test decreased to 7 (36.8%) in the post-test and 7 (36.8%) in the delayed post-test. The dropout rates were 19% ( 4/21) and 9 .5% (2/21) for the experimental and control groups, respectively. The t-test result for comparing average post-test score of the experimental group (3.12) and the control group (6.00) had a p-value of 0.074, which means that there was no significant difference between the two groups. This shows that the participants responded positively to both interventions. On the other hand, after two months, the mean delayed post-test score of 1.53 (normal or no depression) with p<0.012 of the experimental group, and mean delayed post-test score of 7 .21 (almost normal or near-mild depression) with p<0.0 12 of the control group was statistically significant (p-value=0.024). This means, those in the experimental group maintained their feelings of well-being more than those from the control group. The t-test results for intention to treat data were the same with the results of t-tests when dropouts were excluded. This finding reveals that the data collected was sufficient to give a valid result.@*Conclusion@#Therefore, the findings appear that mind-body intervention program can alleviate mild to moderate post-partum depression for those mothers without psycho-pathologic ailment such as anxiety neuroses, phobias or personality disorders; hence, it can be an option in the absence of pharmacotherapy for this condition.

Biomedical Ethics Education for Nursing Students: The Effect on Awareness and Application of Nursing Code of Ethics, Consciousness of Biomedical Ethics and Moral Sensitivity / 한국간호교육학회지

PURPOSE: This study examines the effectiveness of an educational program of nursing biomedical ethics for nursing students to increase awareness of the Code of Ethics for Nurses, moral sensitivity, and application of the Code of Ethics for Nurses. METHODS: A quasi-experimental research design and t-test were used. The experimental group (n=31) and control group (n=32) were second-year university nursing students in two major cities. The experimental group received 15 hours of nursing ethics education during the 15-week semester. The training was not provided to the control group. RESULTS: The application of the Code of Ethics for Nurses increased significantly in the experimental group (t=−1.06, p=.017), nurses and patient (t=−2.23, p=.029), obligation of nurse as an expert (t=−2.08, p=.042), nurse and cooperator (t=−2.54, p=.014). The consciousness of biomedical ethics increased significantly in the experimental group (t=4.28, p=.021), newborn's right to live (t=−2.61, p=.011), euthanasia (t=−2.36, p=.021). CONCLUSION: The results of the study show that providing a nursing biomedical ethics program to nursing students is an effective method to enhance the application of the Code of Ethics for Nurses and Consciousness of Biomedical Ethics. Implementing an intervention program of the Code of Ethics for Nurses in the regular nursing curriculum may reduce conflicts involving ethical decision making by nurses.

Implementación del programa de intervención psicológica en resiliencia para cuidadores informales de pacientes con demencia tipo Alzheimer PIRCA / Implementation of the Psychological Intervention program in Resilience for Informal Caregivers of Patients with Alzheimer's Dementia PIRCA

Resumen Los programas de intervención psicológica de enfoque cognitivo conductual para cuidadores informales de pacientes con Alzheimer han sido hasta el momento los más utilizados por la efectividad de sus resultados. El objetivo de este estudio es la implementación del programa PIRCA (Programa de Intervención en Resiliencia para Cuidadores Informales de pacientes con Alzheimer) para observar los cambios presentados en los sujetos después de haber participado en el programa. Participaron 10 cuidadores informales, que no recibían remuneración, sin capacitación y convivían con el paciente. Se diseñó un estudio experimental transversal descriptivo comparativo, tipo pre-test/post-test. Los resultados indicaron que los puntajes de las variables con mayor variabilidad fueron depresión estado, eutimia estado, sobrecarga, y estrategias de afrontamiento como búsqueda de apoyo social y religión. Con lo que se concluye que intervenir la resiliencia responde a una necesidad básica de los cuidadores ya que está presente en las características de personalidad del cuidador.

Abstract Psychological intervention programs of cognitive behavioral approach to informal caregivers of Alzheimer's patients have been so far, the most used by the effectiveness of their results. The objective of this study is the implementation of the program PIRCA (Resilience Intervention Program for Informal Caregivers of Alzheimer's patients) submitted to monitor changes in subjects after participating in the program. Participants were 10 informal caregivers, who were unpaid, untrained and lived with the patient. A cross-sectional comparative experimental study was designed as a pre-test/post-test type. The results indicated that the scores of the variables with depression which more variable state were: euthymic state, overload and coping strategies such as seeking social support and religion. Thus, it is concluded that intervene resilience responds to an own basic for caregivers as it is present in the personality characteristics of the caregiver.

Comportamiento prosocial y agresivo en niños: tratamiento conductual dirigido a padres y profesores / Prosocial and aggressive behavior in children: Treatment behavior for parents and teachers

Resumen El análisis conductual aplicado a través del entrenamiento a padres y profesores ha demostrado su efectividad para incrementar el comportamiento prosocial en niños que exhiben conductas agresivas; sin embargo, es escaso el trabajo de investigación que implique el efecto aditivo del tratamiento de ambos agentes. El objetivo del estudio fue conocer la efectividad de un programa de entrenamiento a padres y a profesores en 2 condiciones experimentales, para disminuir el comportamiento agresivo e incrementar el prosocial en alumnado de Educación Básica, en un estudio cuasiexperimental con diseño de inversión A-B-A. Participaron 3 docentes, 14 padres de familia y 94 alumnos, identificando a 14 que exhibieron comportamiento agresivo y mostraron déficit en comportamiento prosocial. Los programas de intervención empleados en el estudio se organizaron en 2 condiciones experimentales: la primera incluyó solo el entrenamiento a padres y la segunda incluyó el entrenamiento a padres más el entrenamiento a profesores en técnicas de modificación conductual. Los resultados demostraron que la intervención con 2 agentes de cambio obtuvo un mayor incremento en el comportamiento prosocial y una mayor disminución de comportamiento agresivo en el contexto familiar comparado con el grupo que recibió solo el entrenamiento a padres. También el tratamiento combinado demostró cambios significativos en el comportamiento de los niños en el contexto escolar.

Abstract Applied behavior analysis has demonstrated its effectiveness to increase prosocial behavior in children with aggressive behavior through parent and teacher training, however, research work is limited regard the additive effect of the treatment with both agents. The target of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention program addressed to teachers and another addressed to parents in a quasi-experimental study with A-B-A design. Three teachers, 14 parents and 94 students participated, identifying14 who presented aggressive behavior and showed deficits in pro-social behavior. The intervention programs used in the study plus teacher training in behavior modification techniques. Results showed that the intervention with 2 agents was the most effective to increase prosocial behavior and decrease aggressive behavior in the family context compared with the group that received only parent training. Also the combined treatment showed significant changes in the school context.

Contribuciones de enfermería pediátrica en la atención de la persona adolescente en la etapa intermedia / Contributions in pediatric nursing care teenager person in middle stage / Contribuições da enfermagem pediátrica no atendimento da pessoa adolescente na etapa intermediária

ResumenIntroducción. Se describe el acompañamiento a la persona adolescente en etapa intermedia a través de un programa de enfermería pediátrica en una institución de enseñanza media durante el año 2014, cuyo objetivo general fue articular la necesidad de conocimiento sobre sexualidad segura y prevención del consumo de drogas. Existe una necesidad imperante de mejorar la cobertura de atención debido a que el primer nivel de atención constituye la base del sistema de salud y es considerado como el espacio ideal para llevar a cabo la intervención con la población adolescente.Método. El programa se desarrolló desde la metodología constructivista y participativa, mediante las estrategias “Entrevista de la persona adolescente”, para el abordaje individual, y “talleres”, para el grupal.Resultado. A lo largo del programa se encontró una participación activa por parte de la población; el tema que requirió de mayor abordaje por parte de Enfermería Pediátrica fue el de hábitos de alimentación. Cada actividad partió del conocimiento básico que poseían los adolescentes, a quienes el programa les pareció interesante y superó sus expectativas.Conclusión. Se concluye que las líneas de acción planteadas, individual y grupal, muestran diferentes aspectos de la adolescencia necesarios para obtener una visión completa de la persona y, por ende, ofrecer un abordaje más acertado; además de que el criterio del profesional de enfermería pediátrica es indispensable para responder a las necesidades identificadas y la caracterización de factores de riesgo y/o protectores.

AbstractIntroduction. Accompaniment to the adolescent described in intermediate stage through a program of Pediatric Nursing in an institution of secondary education in 2014, whose main objective was to articulate the need for knowledge about safe sex and prevention of drug use. There is an urgent need to improve care coverage because the first level of care is the foundation of the health system and is considered as the ideal space to carry out the intervention with the adolescent population.Method. The program was developed under the constructivist and participative methodology, using strategies: "Interview of the adolescent" for individual approach and "workshops" for the group approach.Result. Throughout the program active participation by the population, was found the situation required greater approach by Pediatric Nursing in eating habits; in each activity we started from the basic knowledge they possessed adolescents, the program seemed interesting and exceeded their expectations.Conclusion. It was concluded that the lines of action raised, individual and group showed different aspects of adolescence needed to get a complete picture of the person and thus provide a more accurate approach; the criterion of professional pediatric nursing is essential to meet the identified needs and characterization of risk factors and / or protective.

ResumoIntrodução. Descreve-se o acompanhamento da pessoa adolescente na etapa intermediária através de um programa de enfermagem pediátrica em uma instituição de ensino médio durante o ano 2014, cujo objetivo geral foi articular a necessidade de conhecimento sobre sexualidade segura e prevenção do consumo de drogas. Existe uma necessidade imperante de melhorar a cobertura de atendimento, devido a que o primeiro nível de atenção constitui a base do sistema de saúde e é considerado como o espaço ideal para realizar a intervenção com a população adolescente.Método. O programa se desenvolveu desde a metodologia construtivista e participativa, mediante as estratégias “Entrevista da pessoa adolescente”, para a abordagem individual, e “oficinas”, para o grupo.Resultado. Ao longo do programa se encontrou uma participação ativa por parte da população; o tema que requeriu maior abordagem por parte da Enfermagem Pediátrica foi o dos hábitos de alimentação. Cada atividade partiu do conhecimento básico que tinham os adolescentes, para os quais o programa pareceu interessante e superou suas expectativas.Conclusão. Conclui-se que as linhas de ação planteadas, individual e grupal, mostram diferentes aspectos da adolescência necessários para obter uma visão completa da pessoa e, com isso, oferecer uma abordagem mais acertada; além de que o critério do profissional de enfermagem pediátrica é indispensável para responder às necessidades identificadas e a caracterização de fatores de risco e/ou protetores.

Efeitos de um Programa de Prevenção à Violência no Namoro / Effects of a Dating Violence Prevention Program / Efectos de un Programa de Prevención de la Violencia en el Noviazgo

Resumo Este estudo avaliou os efeitos de uma intervenção para prevenção à violência no namoro sobre intenções de enfrentamento a esse tipo de violência, dificuldades em regulação das emoções e endosso a normas tradicionais de papéis de gênero masculino. Participaram 45 adolescentes, alocados não randomicamente em um grupo experimental (N = 21) e um grupo controle (N = 24). A intervenção compreendeu nove sessões focadas em informações sobre violência no namoro, habilidades sociais, tomada de decisão, papéis de gênero, direitos sexuais e reprodutivos e empoderamento. Análises intra e entre grupos revelaram redução significativa em crenças que apoiam a restrição emocional como característica masculina no grupo experimental, ao passo que intenções de enfrentamento à violência no namoro e regulação emocional não sofreram mudanças significativas em nenhum dos grupos. Contudo, avaliações qualitativas evidenciaram a prática extrassessão de habilidades de autocontrole e expressão emocional, assertividade e empatia. Novos estudos, principalmente longitudinais, são recomendados para elucidar esses resultados.

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of a dating violence prevention intervention on intentions of coping with this type of violence, difficulties in regulating emotions and endorsement of traditional male gender norms. There were 45 adolescent participants, not randomly placed in an experimental group (N = 21) and a control group (N = 24). The intervention encompassed nine sessions focused on information about dating violence, social skills, decision making, sexual and reproductive rights, and empowerment. Analyses intra and between groups had shown significant reduction in beliefs that supported emotional restriction as a masculinity characteristic in the experimental group, whereas the intentions of coping with dating violence and emotional regulation had not suffered significant changes in any of the Groups. However, qualitative evaluations had evidenced the external practice of self-control and emotional expression skills, assertiveness and empathy. New studies, mainly longitudinal, are recommended to elucidate these results.

Resumen Este estudio evaluó los efectos de una intervención para la prevención a la violencia en el noviazgo sobre cómo hacer frente a tales intenciones de violencia, dificultades en la regulación de las emociones y aprobación de normas tradicionales de roles de género masculino. Participaron 45 adolescentes, no asignados no aleatoriamente en un grupo experimental (N = 21) y un grupo de control (N = 24). La intervención consistió en nueve sesiones que se centraron en información sobre violencia en el noviazgo, habilidades sociales, toma de decisiones, roles de género, derechos sexuales y reproductivos y en la potenciación. Análisis intra y entre grupos revelaron una reducción significativa en las creencias que apoyan la restricción emocional como característica masculina en el grupo experimental, mientras que las intenciones de enfrentamiento a la violencia en el noviazgo y la regulación emocional no sufrieron cambios significativos en ninguno de los grupos. Pese a eso, las evaluaciones cualitativas mostraron la práctica externa al período de las sesiones de habilidades de autocontrol y expresión emocional, asertividad y empatía. Son recomendados nuevos estudios, principalmente longitudinales, para esclarecer estos resultados.

Intervenciones basadas en la mentalización para padres y educadores: una revisión sistemática / Mentalization based interventions for parents and educators: a systematic review

Estudios recientes han mostrado la importancia de la mentalización y/o función reflexiva de los cuidadores como una de las variables que predice el desarrollo de esta habilidad y el apego seguro en el niño/a. A partir de estos antecedentes se revisa la literatura existente sobre intervenciones psicológicas focalizadas en promover la mentalización en padres y/o personal educativo de niños/as en etapa preescolar. Se consideran 17 estudios publicados entre los años 2000 y 2013. Los resultados muestran que gran parte de los estudios analizan y desarrollan modelos teóricos, siendo incipientes aquellos que consideran los estudios acerca de intervenciones basadas en la mentalización dirigidas a padres y/o agentes educativos. Dentro de estos últimos la mayoría están orientados a intervenciones tempranas en niños/as de 0 a 3 años, siendo escasos los estudios en preescolares (3 a 5 años de edad) dentro de un contexto educativo que reportan los efectos en los niños/as.

Recent studies have shown the importance of mentalizing or reflective function of caregivers as one of the variables that predict awareness and secure attachment in children. From this background there is a review of the literature on psychological interventions focused on promoting mentalizing or reflective function in parents and preschool educators. 17 studies published between 2000 and 2013 are considered. The results show that most of the studies analyzed and developed in theoretical models, with those who consider emerging studies based on mentalizing aimed at parents and educators interventions. Within the latter most are aimed at early intervention in children aged 0-3 years, with few studies in preschool children (3-5 years old) within an educational context that the effects reported in children.

Programa de Actividad Física Extracurricular en Adolescentes con Sobrepeso u Obesidad / Effects of an After-School Physical Activity Program on Overweight Adolescents / Efeitos do programa de atividade física extracurricular em adolescentes com sobrepeso ou obesidade

Nuestro objetivo en este estudio es comprobar la eficacia de un programa de actividad físico-deportiva (PAF) extracurricular, en un grupo de adolescentes con sobrepesoobesidad, durante un período de 6 meses, respecto al consumo máximo de oxígeno, frecuencia cardíaca de recuperación, presión arterial e índice de grasa cintura/cadera, y ver las diferencias en cuanto al género. El estudio lo realizamos con 38 estudiantes de primer ciclo de secundaria, con un IMC superior al percentil 85. Los resultados reflejan mejoras significativas en el grupo experimental (GE), tras la realización del PAF, comparado con el grupo control (GC). Los componentes del GE mejoran en las variables fisiológicas y antropométricas, y también en función del género. Por otro lado, los datos obtenidos por el GC, reflejan una leve mejora en cuanto al VO2max, pero no en el resto de variables. Estos resultados sugieren la importancia de un adecuado programa de actividad físico-deportiva como contribución a mejorar parámetros cardiovasculares en adolescentes.

The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of an extracurricular sport and physical activity program (PAP) with a group of overweight-obese adolescents for a period of six months, comparing differences in maximum oxygen uptake, recovery heart rate, blood pressure and waist / hip body fat index, as well as differences in the results based on gender. The study was conducted with 38 junior high school students with a BMI above the 85th percentile. Results showed significant improvements in the experimental group (EG) after completion of the PAP compared to the control group (CG). Improvements were observed in the EG in physiological and anthropometric variables and also based on gender. Moreover, the data obtained from the CG reflects a slight improvement in the VO2max but not in the other variables. These results suggest the importance of an adequate program of physical and sporting activities to contribute to improving cardiovascular parameters in adolescents.

O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a eficácia de um programa de atividades físico-esportivas (PAF) extracurricular em um grupo de adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade, por um período de seis meses, com o consumo máximo de oxigênio, frequência cardíaca de recuperação, pressão arterial e índice de gordura corporal cintura/quadril, e verificar as diferenças de gênero. O estudo foi realizado com 38 estudantes do primeiro ciclo da escola secundária que possuíam um IMC acima do percentil 85. Os resultados mostram melhoras significativas no grupo experimental (GE), após a realização do PAF, em comparação com o grupo controle (GC). Os componentes do GE melhoraram as variáveis fisiológicas e antropométricas, assim como em função do gênero. Por outro lado, os dados obtidos pelo GC refletem uma ligeira melhora em termos de VO2max, mas não nas outras variáveis. Esses resultados sugerem a importância de um programa adequado de atividades físico-esportivas como contribuição para a melhoria de parâmetros cardiovasculares em adolescentes.